Fridtjof Nussbeck

We didactically derive a correlated traits correlated (methods – 1) [CTC(M – 1)] multitrait‐multimethod (MTMM) model for dyadic round‐robin data augmented by self‐reports. The model is an extension of the CTC(M – 1) model for cross‐classified data and can handle dependencies between raters and targets by including reciprocity covariance parameters that are inherent in augmented round‐robin designs. It can be specified as a traditional structural equation model. We present the variance decomposition as well as consistency and reliability coefficients. Moreover, we explain how to evaluate fit of a CTC(M – 1) model for augmented round‐robin data. In a simulation study, we explore the properties of the full information maximum likelihood estimation of the model. Model (mis)fit can be quite accurately detected with the test of not close fit and dynamic root mean square errors of approximation. Even with few small …

A large number of studies have investigated the consequences of divorce for children, and shown that divorce has detrimental effects for children. Only recently, however, have studies begun to address a neglected phenomenon: the effect of satisfaction and conflict levels in couples (ie happily married couples versus those with high conflict). Previous studies indicated that, for these satisfied couples, divorce has a tremendously negative impact on various outcomes for children as they cannot understand why their parents separate. This question has only been addressed in the US Thus, in this study, we addressed this research question for the first time in Europe. Children whose parents had low and high conflict were compared to each other on a variety of dimensions, including: emotional problems, conduct problems, problems with peers and school performance after separation of their parents. Results support previous findings, indicating that divorce generally has negative consequences for children, but does not confirm that children from parents with low conflict level show more severe negative consequences than those of parents with high conflict level. Implications of these results for European families are addressed.

How parents cope with stress as a couple (ie, dyadic coping [DC]) is related to mental health problems in children. But little is known about DC within first-time parents and child mental health problems in early childhood. This study investigated subgroups in DC trajectories across the transition to parenthood (TTP) and examined subgroup differences in child mental health problems. Mothers’ and fathers’ self-report of positive and negative DC (n= 288 couples) at seven points of measurement (27th, 32nd week of pregnancy, 2nd, 14th, 40th week postpartum, 3-and 4-year postpartum) and children’s emotional and behavioral problems from parent report (4-year postpartum) were used. Latent class growth analyses revealed that over half of the couples experienced a moderate decline in positive DC across the TTP (58%), whereas only fathers reported a decline among the remaining couples (42%). Fathers with a …

Latent state–trait (LST) models are increasingly applied in psychology. Although existing LST models offer many possibilities for analyzing variability and change, they do not allow researchers to relate time-varying or time-invariant covariates, or a combination of both, to loading, intercept, and factor variance parameters in LST models. We present a general framework for the inclusion of nominal and/or continuous time-varying and time-invariant covariates in LST models. The new framework builds on modern LST theory and Bayesian moderated nonlinear factor analysis and is termed moderated nonlinear LST (MN-LST) framework. The MN-LST framework offers new modeling possibilities and allows for a fine-grained analysis of trait change, person-by-situation interaction effects, as well as inter-or intraindividual variability. The new MN-LST approach is compared to alternative modeling strategies. The …

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the global public has relied on their political leaders to guide them through the crisis. The current study investigated if and how political leader’s rhetoric would be associated with collective emotional responses. We used text analytical methods to investigate association between political leader speech and daily aggregates of expressed emotions on Twitter. We collected posts concerning Covid-19 and all speeches by the highest executive power from the USA, UK, Germany, and Switzerland. We applied cross-lagged time series analyses. Political leaders whose communication was more analytic and communal corresponded to increased positivity on Twitter. Collective communal focus, in turn, increased after speeches which were more analytic and negative. Processes of socio-affective dynamics between political leaders and the general public are apparent. Our findings demonstrate that political leaders who present public crises competently and with a sense of community are associated with more positive responses on Twitter.

Introduction Adolescence is characterized by multiple biopsychosocial changes, associated with a high intraindividual variability of emotional experiences. Previous findings suggest that this intraindividual variability is reflected in a recall bias of adolescents' emotion reports. However, corresponding findings are scarce and inconclusive. Studies on predictors of recall bias in adulthood indicate that personality traits, especially neuroticism and extraversion, as well as specific internalizing disorders might affect recall bias of emotion reports. Methods The sample consists of 118 Swiss adolescent students in grade 8 and 9 (Mage = 15.15, SDage = 0.89). The students' momentary affective experience was recorded using smartphones over seven consecutive days in situ at 42 randomly generated occasions (six per day), with a total of 1059 protocols on current events. At the end of the experience‐sampling phase …

Introduction While the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management trainings (SMT) is well documented, the underlying mechanisms, especially in an occupational context, are not fully understood. We tested whether SMT-induced improvements in stress management skills, in particular in mastery of changing cognitions, may explain beneficial SMT effects. Methods Our non-randomized controlled trial comprised 108 employees of a German health insurance company with 65 participating in a cognitive-behavioral SMT and 43 participating in an alternative control training (AT). As outcome variables we repeatedly assessed stress-related (functional stress management skills, relaxation, stress reactivity, exhaustion), work-related (job dissatisfaction), and specific-context-related (social support, trait anger) measures at baseline, two weeks, and three months after the trainings. Functional stress management …

In multilevel analysis, Level-1 predictors that also explain variance at a higher level are called contextual predictors. In the multilevel manifest covariate model, the Level-2 component is modeled as the average of the Level-1 predictor scores within a cluster. In the multilevel latent covariate model, the predictor is decomposed into two latent variables at Level-1 and Level-2. Performance conditions of these modeling approaches for three-level models are largely unexplored. We investigate the two approaches’ performance with respect to bias, coverage, and power in a three-level random intercept model. Results reveal differences in estimation quality and required sample sizes. We provide sampling recommendations for both approaches.

Supplementary materials to: Kerkhoff, D., & Nussbeck, F. W. (2023). Estimation quality and required sample sizes in three-level contextual analysis models. Methodology, 19(2). https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.9775

Both parental psychological well-being (e.g., depressive symptoms) and parental relationship functioning (e.g., negative communication) are common parental risk factors for dysfunctional parenting. The spillover process from these parental characteristics to dysfunctional parenting is assumed to be amplified by parental stress, which is particularly common among mothers and fathers of young children. However, few studies have examined dyadic spillover processes from parental risk factors and parental stress on parenting in early childhood. In the current study, we first examined direct actor and partner effects of parents’ depressive symptoms and negative communication at 10 months postpartum on dysfunctional parenting at 48 months postpartum in 168 primiparous mixed-gender couples. Second, we analyzed indirect effects via one’s own and the partner’s parental stress at 36 months postpartum using Actor …

Commitment in a relationship influences relationship maintenance and functioning but also everyday behavior. Dyadic coping relates to how couples cope together with stress. Both dyadic coping and commitment focus on we-ness, although commitment represents an attitude and dyadic coping a pattern of behavior. Yet it is not known if and how commitment and dyadic coping interact in their effects on relationship satisfaction. The current study aims to examine the association between commitment and relationship satisfaction, moderated by dyadic coping. Questionnaire data were collected as part of the PASEZ study and 368 couples participated. Results showed that commitment and dyadic coping were both relevant predictors of relationship satisfaction. However, the interaction term accounted for higher explanation of the variance of relationship satisfaction. As expected, dyadic coping moderated the link between commitment and relationship satisfaction in men and women of the middle-aged cohort and elderly women. For couples with low dyadic coping, commitment is much more important for their relationship satisfaction than for those couples who report high dyadic coping. The findings support the assertion that commitment plays an important role not only for relationship stability in the longer run, but also for relationship satisfaction and that common dyadic coping moderates this association. This implies for clinicians to investigate whether couples who seek couple therapy or attend a relationship education workshop, need to work on their commitment, dyadic coping or both.

Three-level clustered data commonly occur in social and behavioral research and are prominently analyzed using multilevel modeling. The influence of the clustering on estimation results is assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), which indicate the fraction of variance in the outcome located at each higher level. However, ICCs are prone to bias due to high requirements regarding the overall sample size and the sample size at each data level. In Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate how these sample characteristics influence the bias of the ICCs and statistical power of the variance components using robust ML-estimation. Results reveal considerable underestimation on Level-3 and the importance of the Level-3 sample size in combination with the ICC sizes. Based on our results, we derive concise sampling recommendations and discuss limits to our inferences.

Understanding characteristics that contribute to psychology students’ academic success is important to better support them during their studies. Referring to person–environment fit theory, we examined effects of study-relevant characteristics (self-efficacy beliefs, self-assessed level of information about the study program) on subjective criteria of success (persistence with the choice of study subject, later study satisfaction) and controlled for effects of grade point average (GPA) and mathematical skills. We present a longitudinal survey study including five cohorts of first-year students (total N = 854). Mediation models (N = 254) revealed that self-efficacy and level of information at study entry predicted students’ persistence at the end of the first semester, which predicted satisfaction at the end of the second semester. In the presumed overall model we found total effects of self-efficacy and level of information, with …

Supplementary materials [researchData] to: Kerkhoff, D., & Nussbeck, F. W. (2022). Obtaining sound intraclass correlation and variance estimates in three-level models: The role of sampling-strategies. Methodology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7265

The present contribution provides a tutorial for the estimation of the social relations model (SRM) by means of structural equation modeling (SEM). In the overarching SEM-framework, the SRM without roles (with interchangeable dyads) is derived as a more restrictive form of the SRM with roles (with noninterchangeable dyads). Starting with the simplest type of the SRM for one latent construct assessed by one manifest round-robin indicator, we show how the model can be extended to multiple constructs each measured by multiple indicators. We illustrate a multiple constructs multiple indicators SEM SRM both with and without roles with simulated data and explain the parameter interpretations. We present how testing the substantial model assumptions can be disentangled from testing the interchangeability of dyads. Additionally, we point out modeling strategies that adhere to cases in which only some members of a …

The article “The Bright Side of Grit in Burnout-Prevention: Exploring Grit in the Context of Demands-Resources Model among Chinese High School Students”, written by Ziwen Teuber, Fridtjof W. Nussbeck, Elke Wild, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (https://link. sprin ger. com/artic le/10. 1007/s10578-020-01031-3) on 28 July 2020 without open access. With the author (s)’decision to opt for Open Choice, the copyright of the article changed on 23 May 2021 to© The Author (s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creat iveco mmons. org/licen ses/by/4. 0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate …

Im Rahmen des aus dem Qualitätspakt Lehre geförderten Programms richtig einsteigen. wurden an der Universität Bielefeld innovative Lehrangebote zur Unterstützung der Studierenden bei der Bewältigung der Studienanforderungen im ersten Studienjahr entwickelt. Im Fachbereich Psychologie wurden unter anderem Lernmodule zu fachrelevanten mathematischen Studieninhalten entwickelt, um das Verständnis der Vorlesungsinhalte in Statistik zu erleichtern und die Studienanfängerinnen und Studienanfänger in ihrer Kompetenzentwicklung zu unterstützen. Im Rahmen der mamdim-Forschungskooperation wurden zwei dieser Lernmodule (zu den Themen Deskriptivstatistik und Varianz und Standardabweichung) insbesondere hinsichtlich der verwendeten digitalen instruktionalen Medien evaluiert.

Many processes in psychology are complex, such as dyadic interactions between two interacting partners (e.g., patient-therapist, intimate relationship partners). Nevertheless, many basic questions about interactions are difficult to investigate because dyadic processes can be within a person and between partners, they are based on multimodal aspects of behavior and unfold rapidly. Current analyses are mainly based on the behavioral coding method, whereby human coders annotate behavior based on a coding schema. But coding is labor-intensive, expensive, slow, focuses on few modalities, and produces sparse data which has forced the field to use average behaviors across entire interactions, thereby undermining the ability to study processes on a fine-grained scale. Current approaches in psychology use LIWC for analyzing couples’ interactions. However, advances in natural language processing such as …

IntroductionHow do people receive unexpected positive health risk information? While common motivational accounts predict acceptance, consistency accounts such as the cue-adaptive reasoning account (CARA) predict a ‘lack of reassurance’.ObjectivesWe therefore tested (1) whether people prefer striving for positivity or retaining a sense of self-consistency (‘lack of reassurance’), and (2) if there are systematic differences in short- and long-term reception, which would indicate temporal dynamics in processing.MethodsAs part of a longitudinal cohort study, participants of a community health screening (N = 1,055) received their actual cholesterol readings. Feedback reception was assessed immediately, at one month and six months.ResultsProcessing trajectories for unexpected positive feedback showed a significant ‘lack of reassurance’ effect over time compared with expected positive feedback, while …

This study addresses the high level of academic demands and workload in Chinese high schools and aims to identify protective factors against students’ negative emotional responses. Using the well-established Job Demands-Resources Model as a guiding framework, we investigated the relationship between workload, perceived academic demands, teacher-student relationships, personal resources (self-efficacy, self-esteem, and optimism), and school burnout symptoms (emotional exhaustion and cynicism). Data analyses were based on self-reports from 1,083 Chinese students. The results of structural equation modelling showed that workload and academic demands were positively related to burnout. Among the resources, optimism was negatively related to emotional exhaustion and cynicism, whereas self-efficacy was only negatively related to cynicism. Surprisingly, self-esteem was positively related to …

This study contributes to understanding students’ emotional responses to academic stressors by integrating grit into the well-established Job Demands-Resources Model and by examining the relationship between academic demands, grit (consistency of interests, perseverance of effort), burnout, engagement, academic achievement, depression, and life satisfaction in Chinese students. We conducted a self-report study with N = 1527 Chinese high school students (Mage = 16.38 years, SD = 1.04). The results of structural equation modeling showed that after controlling for gender, socio-economic status, and school types, demands positively related to burnout and negatively related to engagement. Both facets of grit negatively related to exhaustion, whereas only perseverance of effort positively related to engagement. Burnout positively related to depression and negatively related to life satisfaction …

Changes in the quality of emotional experience are among the various significant developmental challenges that characterize early adolescence. Although retrospective and momentary emotional self-reports are known to differ, adolescents’ emotional experiences are mainly assessed retrospectively without knowing if the recall is biased in a positive or negative way. The present study extends research on recall bias by investigating possible changes in retrospection effects of students’ affective experiences during early adolescence. To this end, we compared retrospectively assessed affect with in situ reported affect. At the age of about 12 years (T1) and 3 years later (T2), 120 students repeatedly reported their momentary positive and negative affect during one school week and once in retrospective at the end of the school week. Furthermore, we examined whether students’ emotional attitudes toward school have …

In Fächern mit mathematischen Studieninhalten werden häufig Vorkurse angeboten, damit Studierende die Anforderungen besser bewältigen können. Die vorliegende Studie basiert auf einer Befragung Studierender der Wirtschaftswissenschaften (n = 163), Psychologie (n = 81), Physik (n = 39) und Chemie (n = 65) zu Beginn ihres dritten Semesters. Es wurde untersucht, auf welche Merkmale der Studierenden zu Studienbeginn sich der Besuch eines fachspezifischen mathematischen Vorkurses zurückführen lässt. In Wirtschaftswissenschaften besuchen weibliche Studierende, in Psychologie diejenigen, die sich durch die Schule unzureichend auf mathematische Anforderungen vorbereitet fühlen, und in Physik Studierende, die erst kürzlich ihr Abitur abgelegt haben, häufiger einen Vorkurs. Mathematiknoten, wahrgenommene Relevanz von und Informiertheit über mathematische Studieninhalte spielen wider …

The current study builds on research concerning self-other agreement, specifically the Trait-Reputation-Identity (TRI) Model, and combines this theoretical approach and recent advances from multitrait-multimethod research, specifically the CTC(M-1) and the latent difference model. This combination was applied to avoid statistical problems associated with latent trait models of the type previously used in TRI Model research. A further aim was to fully exploit the TRI Model’s potential by simultaneously modeling more than one trait in one psychometric model. This makes it possible to explore whether raters use similar information to assess different traits or whether this information is observer-specific, as well as whether the traits themselves can shape an individual's Reputation. All analyses were based on a data set capturing the Dark Triad. As the Dark Triad has only rarely been examined from different rater …

In dyadic interaction, a verbal focus on one individual (“you-talk,” “I-talk”), rather than on the couple (“we-talk”) has predominantly been linked to dysfunctional relationship processes. However, context differences in these links have not yet been systematically examined. Is it functional to asymmetrically focus on one partner during support interactions but problematic during conflict? Does a high level of couple-focus represent a resource across contexts? In this preregistered study, we investigated dyad-level pronoun use (we-/I-/you-talk) and their link to situational relationship functioning (SRF) across three interaction tasks (one conflict, two dyadic coping tasks) within couples (N = 365). More specifically, we examined associations of couple-means, i.e. pronoun use as a shared resource/vulnerability between partners, and couple-differences, i.e. functional/dysfunctional asymmetric pronoun use with observed …

In adult couples, stress emerging outside the relationship (extra-dyadic stress) spills over into the relationship evoking conflict between the partners (intra-dyadic stress), which itself has a negative effect on relationship satisfaction over time. This detrimental effect of stress spillover can be buffered by adequate dyadic coping (DC) skills of both partners. The current study aimed at replicating these effects in a sample of 96 Swiss adult couples and 124 Swiss late adolescent (non-cohabitating) couples, who were in a serious relationship for at least 1 year. We examined (a) whether extra-dyadic stress is associated with intra-dyadic stress and relationship satisfaction and (b) whether the potential buffering effect of DC on these associations already exists in this important developmental phase. Contrary to the adult sample, for which indirect actor and partner effects were significant, we found a marginally significantly …

Ziel dieses Kapitels ist es, zu verdeutlichen, dass Merkmalsausprägungen von Individuen über die Zeit schwanken können, und dass somit auch die konvergente und diskriminante Validität verschiedener Methoden und Konstrukte zeitlichen Veränderungen unterworfen sind. Die Analyse konvergenter und diskriminanter Validität ist Basis jeder diagnostischen Entscheidung. Nur bei gesicherter Qualität der eingesetzten Verfahren können Indikationen für mögliche Interventionen zuverlässig getroffen werden. Besonders bei Kindern, die sich in einem Entwicklungsprozess befinden, aber auch bei Erwachsenen ist es notwendig, die zeitliche Stabilität der gefundenen Testscores zu untersuchen. Nur bei gegebener Stabilität der Messungen kann von einem stabilen Trait ausgegangen werden. Darüber hinaus ist es wichtig, zu analysieren, wie sich die konvergente Validität verschiedener Messmethoden über die Zeit …

Support services to master academic requirements are offered at nearly every university. Thus, in the context of how students learn and how they achieve academic success, it is of great importance to investigate predictors of the use of support and the impact of support services on academic achievement. We present a longitudinal survey study with 3 cohorts of first-year psychology students. We investigated the relationship between subject-related mathematical skills and the use of 4 nonmandatory support services in a mandatory statistics course. Furthermore, we examined the role of skills and use of the support services in predicting academic success in statistics after the first year of study. We found that greater mathematical skills predicted less use of basic support services, rs<−. 150, ps<. 035, and greater use of a skill-developing service, r (195)=. 199, p=. 005. Subsequently, we examined whether and how …

Grit and Burnout Among Chinese High School Students [Paper Session] Universität Bielefeld Universität Bielefeld Click a name to choose. Click to show more. PUB - Publikationen an der Universität Bielefeld Grit and Burnout Among Chinese High School Students [Paper Session] Teuber Z, Nussbeck FW, Pankatz M, Wild E (2020) In: AERA Annual Meeting. Konferenzbeitrag | Veröffentlicht | Englisch Download Es wurden keine Dateien hochgeladen. Nur Publikationsnachweis! URL http://tinyurl.com/up9h5qu Details Dateien Zitieren Export / Suche PUB EnglishEN Autor*in Teuber, Ziwen UniBi ; Nussbeck, Fridtjof W.; Pankatz, Miriam UniBi ; Wild, Elke UniBi Einrichtung Fakultät für Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft > Abteilung für Psychologie > Arbeitseinheit 09 - Pädagogische Psychologie Erscheinungsjahr 2020 Titel des Konferenzbandes AERA Annual Meeting Konferenz AERA Annual Meeting Konferenzort San …

Basic Model Based on publications by LA Goodman (eg, Goodman 1971), the loglinear model became the most widely applied statistical model to analyze the associations between two or more categorical variables. Categorical variables that may be of interest in research on quality of life (QOL) are (among others) gender, attribution styles, different preferred activities, different most important domains of life, and different values or personal qualities individuals appreciate. For example, one may want to test if individuals who judge their professional or family lives to be more important (variable A denoted by superscript A, its categories are denoted by subscript i) differ in their most preferred leisure time activities (spending time with their family, with colleagues, or with friends; variable B denoted by superscript B, its categories are denoted by subscript j). Typically, two or more categorical variables are organized in …

Background: Clinical outcome of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is seen as generally very poor. Here, we specify individual outcome chances for patients with DOC on the basis of clinical and event-related-potentials (ERPs) data and identify subgroups, who vary substantially regarding their outcome chances.Methods: We employed data from 102 patients and used standard clinical protocol data (age, etiology, diagnosis, gender), sensory (N100, Mismatch-Negativity) and cognitive (P300, N400) ERPs to predict patients’ recovery rates.Results: Two significant prediction models emerged: In both, subgroups of patients with good (51%, tree 1) to very good recovery chances (97%, tree 2) could be identified. The first model was obtained from standard clinical data. The second model included cognitive ERPs and resulted in considerably better patient classification. Moreover, when taking cognitive ERPs …

Communication and coordination represent central processes in healthcare action teams. However, we have a limited understanding of how expertise affects these processes and to what extent these effects are shaped by interprofessional differences. The current study addresses these questions by jointly investigating the influence of different aspects of expertise–individual expertise, team familiarity, and expertise asymmetry–on coordination quality and communication openness. We tested our propositions in two hospitals: one in Switzerland (CH, Sample 1) and one in the United Kingdom (UK, Sample 2). Both samples included two-person anesthesia action teams consisting of a physician and a nurse (N CH= 47 teams, N UK= 48 teams). We used a correlational design with two measurement points (ie, pre-and postoperation). To consider potential interprofessional differences, we analyzed our data with actor …

This study investigated whether foster parents’ reports of their dyadic coping competencies differ from biological parents, whether there are differences with regard to the temporal associations between maternal and paternal dyadic coping in the two samples, and whether parental dyadic coping competencies predict future mental health problems in children. A total of 94 foster children and 157 children living in their biological families, both samples aged 2–7 years, as well as their (foster) parents were assessed three times over a 12-month period. The mothers’ and fathers’ dyadic coping competencies were assessed using the Dyadic Coping Inventory (DCI). Child psychopathology was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a standardized clinical interview (Kinder-DIPS), both mainly based on maternal report. Foster parents reported better dyadic coping competencies across the three …

Background The German Questionnaire to Assess Resources for Children and Adolescents (QARCA; Lohaus & Nussbeck, 2016) is a diagnostic questionnaire that estimates six personal resources and four environmental resources. This study aimed to develop a Chinese version of the QARCA. Due to the important cultural differences between China and Western countries, we focused on whether these resources in a Chinese sample could be similarly assessed with Western samples and whether the association between the subscales of the QARCA was comparable across cultures. Methods The validation sample consisted of 2,600 Chinese students and 393 parents. Results and Discussion The results indicated that the Chinese version was soundly adapted with its postulated factorial structure. Reliability estimates for the subscale scores were good and expected correlations within the QARCA, as well as with …

Messwerte unterliegen einer Vielzahl von Einflüssen. Beispielsweise hängt die Ausprägung der Ängstlichkeit von Schulkindern nicht nur von ihrer dispositionellen Ängstlichkeit als über Situationen hinweg stabile Eigenschaft ab, sondern auch von (momentan wirkenden) situativen Einflüssen, z. B. einem gerade wütenden Sturm oder dem Albtraum der letzten Nacht. Außerdem fallen die Messungen je nach Messmethode, z. B. ob die Schüler sich selbst einschätzen oder ob sie von ihren Lehrern oder Eltern eingeschätzt werden, unterschiedlich aus. In vorangegangenen Kapiteln wurden bereits statistische Modelle beschrieben, die verschiedene Einflussfaktoren auf Messungen trennbar und in ihrer Größe messbar machen können. Schermelleh-Engel, Geiser und Burns beschreiben in 7Kap. 25 Modelle, die den Einfluss verschiedener Messmethoden auf die Messergebnisse untersuchen. Die Messmethoden …

Rachel Dolezal, an American civil rights activist, Africana studies instructor, and president of the Spokane (Washington) chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was revealed as White on June 15, 2015. Dolezal’s White parents publicly stated that Dolezal was their biological–and White–daughter. Many were outraged, alleging that Dolezal, who had presented herself as Black, lied about her racial identity. In defense, Dolezal maintained that although not based on ancestry, she identified as Black (Johnson et al. 2015). Her response sparked a public debate about the meaning of racial identity, demonstrating that racial identity is an important and contentious topic in the twenty-first century.What Is Racial Identity? Humans appear to have a need to simplify their social world by categorizing one another into groups or social categories based on perceived similarities. Race …